Lumbosacral spine CT

Definition

A lumbosacral spine CT is a computed tomography scan of the lower spine and surrounding tissues.

Alternative Names

Spinal CT; CT - lumbosacral spine; Low back pain - CT; LBP - CT

How the Test is Performed

You will be asked to lie on a narrow table that slides into the center of the CT scanner. You will need to lie on your back for this test.

Once inside the scanner, the machine's x-ray beam rotates around you.

Small detectors inside the scanner measure the amount of x-rays that make it through the part of the body being studied. A computer takes this information and uses it to create a number of images, called slices. These images can be stored, viewed on a monitor, printed on film or saved on a disk. Three-dimensional models of organs can be created by stacking the individual slices together.

You must be still during the exam, because movement causes blurred images. You may be told to hold your breath for short periods of time.

In some cases, an iodine-based dye, called contrast, may be injected into your vein before images are taken. Contrast can highlight specific areas inside the body, which creates a clearer image.

In other cases, a CT of the lumbosacral spine is done after injecting contrast dye into the spinal canal during a lumbar puncture to further check for compression on the nerves. This is called a CT myelogram.

The scan usually lasts a few minutes.

How to Prepare for the Test

You should remove all jewelry or other metal objects before the test. This is because they may cause inaccurate and blurry images.

If you do need a lumbar puncture, you may be asked to stop your blood thinners or anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) several days before the procedure. Check with your health care provider ahead of time.

How the Test will Feel

The x-rays are painless. Some people may have discomfort from lying on the hard table.

Contrast may cause a slight burning sensation, a metallic taste in the mouth, and a warm flushing of the body. These sensations are normal and usually go away within a few seconds.

Why the Test is Performed

CT rapidly creates detailed pictures of the body. A CT of the lumbosacral spine can evaluate fractures and changes in the spine, such as those due to arthritis or deformities.

What Abnormal Results Mean

CT of the lumbosacral spine may reveal the following conditions or diseases:

• Cyst
• Herniated disk
• Spinal stenosis
• Infection
• Cancer that has spread to the spine
• Osteoarthritis
• Osteomalacia (softening of the bones)
• Pinched nerve
• Tumor
• Vertebral fracture (broken spine bone)

Risks

The most common type of contrast given into a vein contains iodine. If a person with an iodine allergy is given this type of contrast, then hives, itching, nausea, breathing difficulty, or other symptoms may occur.

If you have kidney problems, diabetes or are on kidney dialysis, talk to your provider before the test about your risks of having contrast studies.

CT scans and other x-rays are strictly monitored and controlled to make sure they use the least amount of radiation. The risk associated with any individual scan is small. The risk increases when many more scans are performed.

In some cases, a CT scan may still be done if the benefits greatly outweigh the risks. For example, it can be more risky not to have the exam if your provider thinks you might have cancer.

Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult their provider about the risk of CT scans to the baby. Radiation during pregnancy can affect the baby, and the dye used with CT scans can enter breast milk.

References

Reekers JA. Angiography: principles, techniques and complications. In: Adam A, Dixon AK, Gillard JH, Schaefer-Prokop CM, eds. Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 78.

Van Thielen T, van den Hauwe L, Van Goethem JW, Parizel PM. Current status of imaging of the spine and anatomical features. In: Adam A, Dixon AK, Gillard JH, Schaefer-Prokop CM, eds. Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 47.